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1 react upon each other
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2 react upon each other
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > react upon each other
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3 react upon each other
Общая лексика: взаимодействовать, воздействовать друг на друга, противодействовать -
4 react
вступать в реакцию; вызывать реакцию; реагировать; взаимодействовать; воздействовать; противодействоватьcause to react — вводить в реакцию; обрабатывать
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5 react
intransitive verb1) (respond) reagieren (to auf + Akk.)3) (Chem., Phys.) reagieren* * *[ri'ækt]1) (to behave in a certain way as a result of something: How did he react when you called him a fool?; He reacted angrily to the criticism; Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water.) reagieren2) ((with against) to behave or act in a certain way in order to show rejection of: Young people tend to react against their parents.) widerstreben3) ((with to) to be affected, usually badly, by (a drug etc): I react very badly to penicillin.) reagieren•- academic.ru/60481/reaction">reaction- reactionary
- reactor* * *re·act[riˈækt]vi1. (respond) reagierento \react quickly/strongly schnell/heftig reagierento be slow to \react langsam reagieren▪ to \react to sb/sth auf jdn/etw reagierento \react to a stimulus auf einen Reiz reagieren2. MED3. CHEM* * *[riː'kt]vi1) (= respond CHEM, PHYS) reagieren (to auf +acc)she was slow to react to my offer — sie reagierte nur langsam auf mein Angebot
to react against — negativ reagieren auf (+acc)
* * *react [rıˈækt; riː-]A v/i1. reagieren, ein-, zurückwirken, Rückwirkungen haben ( alle:on, upon auf akk):react on each other sich gegenseitig beeinflussenhe reacted sharply er reagierte heftig3. reagieren, antworten, eingehen ( alle:to auf akk)4. entgegenwirken, widerstreben ( beide:against dat)5. (zu einem früheren Zustand etc) zurückgehen, -kehren7. MIL einen Gegenschlag führenB v/t CHEM zur Reaktion bringen* * *intransitive verb1) (respond) reagieren (to auf + Akk.)2) (act in opposition) sich widersetzen ( against Dat.)3) (Chem., Phys.) reagieren* * *v.reagieren v. -
6 react
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7 react
1. v реагировать; отзываться2. v влиять, действовать; воздействовать; вызывать реакцию3. v противодействовать; оказывать сопротивление, сопротивляться; устремляться обратно или назад4. v хим. вызывать реакцию или вступать в реакцию5. v воен. отвечать; оказывать сопротивлениеСинонимический ряд:1. act (verb) act; behave; function; operate; perform; take; work2. feel (verb) be affected; be moved; be struck; endure; experience; feel; feel in response; get involved; take it3. respond (verb) answer; change in response; counter; rebut; reciprocate; reply; respond; retort4. return (verb) go back; offset; oppose; recede; recrudesce; recur; regress; relapse; return; reverse; revert; turn back -
8 react
[rıʹækt] v1. ( часто to) реагировать; отзыватьсяI suggested that he might help, but he did not react at all - я высказал мысль, что он мог бы помочь, но он на это никак не отозвался
how does your patient react to the course of treatment? - как ваш пациент реагирует на курс лечения?
2. (on, upon) влиять, действовать; воздействовать; вызывать (ответную) реакциюthe applause reacted upon the orator - аплодисменты подействовали на /ободрили/ оратора
3. (against) противодействовать; оказывать сопротивление, сопротивляться; устремляться обратно или назад (от чего-л.)to react against the oppressive political system - бороться против жестокой политической системы
4. хим. вызывать реакцию или вступать в реакцию5. воен. отвечать ( на атаку); оказывать сопротивление -
9 react
v1) реагувати; відгукуватися4) хім. викликати реакцію, вступати в реакцію5) військ. чинити опір; контратакувати* * *[ri'ʒkt]v1) ( часто to) реагувати; відгукуватися, озиватися2) (on, upon) впливати, діяти; чинити вплив; викликати ( відповідну) реакцію3) ( against) протидіяти; чинити опір; спрямовуватися назад ( від чого-небудь)4) xiм. викликати реакцію або вступати в реакцію5) вiйcьк. відповідати ( на атаку); чинити опір -
10 react
rɪˈækt гл.
1) а) реагировать, отзываться( to - на что-л.) to react strongly ≈ бурно, эмоционально реагировать to react to a provocation ≈ действовать в ответ на провокацию to react to a stimulus ≈ реагировать на стимул How do you react to this modern artist's paintings? ≈ Как вы воспринимаете картины этого художника-модерниста? Syn: respond б) протестовать (against - против чего-л.) ;
противодействовать;
оказывать сопротивление to react against unfair treatment ≈ протестовать против несправедливого обращения Will the people one day react against the political system that oppresses them? ≈ Возможно ли такое, что однажды люди восстанут против попирающей их права политической системы? The unions have reacted strongly against the government's wage and price controls. ≈ Профсоюзы выступили решительно против правительственного контроля за доходами и ценами. Syn: rebel
3.
2) влиять, воздействовать (on, upon - на кого-л., что-л.) It will take a strong politician to react on this angry crowd. ≈ Чтобы успокоить эту толпу, нужен сильный политик.
3) хим. а) вступать в реакцию( with - с чем-л.) Calcium reacts with water but less violently than sodium and potassium do. ≈ Кальций вступает в химическую реакцию с водой, однако эта реакция протекает менее интенсивно, чем реакция с водой натрия или калия. б) вызывать реакцию It is fairly easy to react unsaturated molecules with a variety of chemical reagents. ≈ Довольно просто вызвать реакцию непредельных молекул с множеством химических реактивов. (часто to) реагировать;
отзываться - children * to kind treatment лаской можно многого добиться от детей - I suggested that he might help, but he did not * at all я высказал мысль, что он мог бы помочь, но он на это никак не отозвался - how does your patient * to the course of treatment? как ваш пациент реагирует на курс лечения? (on, upon) влиять, действовать;
воздействовать;
вызывать (ответную) реакцию - to * upon each other взаимодействовать - the applause *ed upon the orator аплодисменты подействовали на /ободрили/ оратора (against) противодействовать;
оказывать сопротивление, сопротивляться;
устремляться обратно или назад( от чего-л.) - to * against the enviroment сопротивляться влиянию обстановки - to * against the oppressive political system бороться против жестокой политической системы (химическое) вызывать реакцию или вступать в реакцию (военное) отвечать( на атаку) ;
оказывать сопротивление react влиять, вызывать ответную реакцию (on, upon) ~ воздействовать ~ хим. вызывать реакцию ~ действовать ~ воен. производить контратаку ~ противодействовать;
оказывать сопротивление, стремиться в обратном направлении или назад (against) ~ противодействовать ~ реагировать (to) ~ реагировать -
11 react
[ri'ækt]1) (to behave in a certain way as a result of something: How did he react when you called him a fool?; He reacted angrily to the criticism; Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water.) odzivati se2) ((with against) to behave or act in a certain way in order to show rejection of: Young people tend to react against their parents.) upirati se3) ((with to) to be affected, usually badly, by (a drug etc): I react very badly to penicillin.) odzivati se•- reaction- reactionary
- reactor* * *[riaekt]intransitive verbreagirati, vplivati, delovati nasprotno ali nazaj; odgovoriti, reagirati (na); delovati, vplivati vzajemno ( upon each other drugo na drugo); upirati se ( against); chemistry reagirati, delovati (on, upon na); military napraviti protinapad, protiofenzivo; vznemiriti se, razdražiti se, razburiti sehow did she react when she heard the news? — kako je reagirala (se zadržala), ko je slišala novico? -
12 ♦ (to) react
♦ (to) react /ri:ˈækt/v. i.(chim., ecc.) reagire; ( di persona) reagire, ribellarsi: He reacted badly when I gave him the news, ha reagito male quando gli ho dato la notizia; She reacts angrily when you criticise her; reagisce con rabbia quando la si critica; Some patients may react badly to the medicine, alcuni pazienti possono reagire male alla medicina; Most teenagers react against their parents in some way, la maggior parte degli adolescenti si ribella contro i genitori in un modo o nell'altro; to react accordingly, reagire di conseguenza● (chim.) to react on each other, reagire reciprocamente □ (chim.) to react with, reagire con: Acids react with bases to form salts, gli acidi reagiscono con le basi per formare i sali. -
13 ♦ (to) react
♦ (to) react /ri:ˈækt/v. i.(chim., ecc.) reagire; ( di persona) reagire, ribellarsi: He reacted badly when I gave him the news, ha reagito male quando gli ho dato la notizia; She reacts angrily when you criticise her; reagisce con rabbia quando la si critica; Some patients may react badly to the medicine, alcuni pazienti possono reagire male alla medicina; Most teenagers react against their parents in some way, la maggior parte degli adolescenti si ribella contro i genitori in un modo o nell'altro; to react accordingly, reagire di conseguenza● (chim.) to react on each other, reagire reciprocamente □ (chim.) to react with, reagire con: Acids react with bases to form salts, gli acidi reagiscono con le basi per formare i sali. -
14 CAN-bus communication
Параллельные тексты EN-RU
CAN-bus communication
Handles all communication, such as control tasks, measurments and alarms.
Modules can react on each other.
The modules can also operate fully in standalone mode in the event of a CAN-bus interruption.
All modules are linked to one CAN-bus.
All devices can share information with each other.
The CAN-bus communication is highly robust and immune to any interference.
[GUTOR Electronic LLC]Связь по шине CAN
Обмен данными всех типов: командами управления, результатами измерений, аварийными сообщениями.
Все модули могут взаимодействовать друг с другом.
Модули могут работать полностью в автономно при возникновении неисправности шины CAN.
Все модули обмениваются информацией по одной шине CAN.
Все устройства могут обмениваться информацией друг с другом.
Связь по шине CAN очень надежна и устойчива к любым помехам.
[Перевод Интент]
Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > CAN-bus communication
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15 scratch
I 1. [skrætʃ]1) (wound) graffio m., graffiatura f.2) (on metal, furniture, record, glass) graffio m., riga f.to have a scratch — grattarsi, darsi una grattata
4) (sound) stridio m., (il) grattare5) colloq.6) (zero)7) sport scratch m., linea f. di partenza2.1) [ team] raccogliticcio, improvvisato; [ golfer] improvvisato; [ meal] improvvisato, fatto alla meglio2) inform. [ file] temporaneoII 1. [skrætʃ]5) (react to itch) grattare [ spot]to scratch one's head — grattarsi la testa; fig. essere perplesso, mostrare perplessità
6) (damage) rigare, graffiare [car, record]; graffiare, scalfire [ wood]; [ cat] farsi le unghie su [ furniture]7) sport ritirare da una gara [ competitor]2.1) (relieve itch) [ person] grattarsi2) (inflict injury) [person, cat] graffiare3.••* * *[skræ ] 1. verb1) (to mark or hurt by drawing a sharp point across: The cat scratched my hand; How did you scratch your leg?; I scratched myself on a rose bush.) graffiare2) (to rub to relieve itching: You should try not to scratch insect bites.) grattare3) (to make by scratching: He scratched his name on the rock with a sharp stone.) incidere4) (to remove by scratching: She threatened to scratch his eyes out.) cavare5) (to withdraw from a game, race etc: That horse has been scratched.) ritirare2. noun1) (a mark, injury or sound made by scratching: covered in scratches; a scratch at the door.) graffio; stridore2) (a slight wound: I hurt myself, but it's only a scratch.) graffio3) (in certain races or competitions, the starting point for people with no handicap or advantage.) (linea di partenza)•- scratchy- scratchiness
- scratch the surface
- start from scratch
- up to scratch* * *[skrætʃ]1. n1) (mark) graffio, graffiaturawithout a scratch — (unharmed) illeso (-a), senza un graffio
2)I heard a scratch at the door — ho sentito grattare alla porta3)to start from scratch fig — cominciare or partire da zero
his work wasn't or didn't come up to scratch — il suo lavoro non è stato all'altezza
2. vt1) (gen) graffiare, (one's name) inciderewe've barely scratched the surface — (fig: of problem, topic) l'abbiamo appena sfiorato
2) (to relieve itch) grattare3) (cancel: meeting, game) Comput cancellare, (cross off list: horse, competitor) eliminare3. vi•* * *scratch (1) /skrætʃ/n.1 graffio; graffiatura; scalfittura; segno, segnaccio ( su un disco, la carrozzeria, ecc.): It's just a scratch on your arm, non è che un graffio sul braccio● ‘scratch card’, ‘gratta e vinci’ □ (fig.) scratch-cat, bambino dispettoso; donna bisbetica □ (edil.) scratch coat, rinzaffo □ (comput.) scratch file, file provvisorio (o temporaneo) □ scratch knife, sgarzino ( arnese) □ ( sport) scratch line, linea di partenza; linea di battuta □ a scratch of the pen, poche parole scritte in fretta; uno scarabocchio per firma □ ( sport) scratch race, corsa senza abbuoni (o senza handicap) □ ( golf) scratch score, norma ( di una buca o di un percorso) □ (ipp., USA) scratch sheet, foglio di notizie e pronostici sui cavalli da corsa □ (med.) scratch test, test di scarificazione □ (fig.) from scratch, da zero □ to start from scratch, cominciare da zero; partire dai componenti (o dagli ingredienti) di base □ (fam.) to be up to scratch, ( di una persona) essere all'altezza della situazione; ( di un lavoro, un'esecuzione, ecc.) essere a un livello accettabile; essere ineccepibile □ without a scratch, senza una scalfittura; indenne.scratch (2) /skrætʃ/a.raccogliticcio; raffazzonato; eterogeneo; improvvisato; (fatto) alla meglio: a scratch collection, una raccolta eterogenea; ( sport) a scratch team, una squadra raccogliticcia; a scratch meal, un pasto improvvisato.(to) scratch /skrætʃ/A v. t.1 graffiare; scalfire; scorticare; segnare; fare un graffio (o un segno) su ( la carrozzeria, un disco, un tavolo, ecc.): Mind the cat doesn't scratch you, non farti graffiare dal gatto!; I've scratched my knee badly, mi sono fatto una brutta scorticatura al ginocchio; I've scratched the side of my car, ho fatto un graffio alla fiancata della macchina4 incidere7 (fam.) scribacchiare, buttare giù10 ( sport) togliere: to scratch a player from the team because of injury, togliere un giocatore dalla squadra per un infortunioB v. i.4 grattare; scricchiolare; stridere● to scratch oneself, graffiarsi; grattarsi □ (fam.) to scratch other people's back ( if they scratch yours), scambiarsi favori; intrallazzare □ to scratch each other, grattarsi a vicenda □ (fam.) to scratch for oneself, arrangiarsi; cavarsela da solo □ to scratch one's signature, firmare con uno scarabocchio □ to scratch the surface, (agric.) arare (zappare, ecc.) in superficie; (fig.) sfiorare appena: The report doesn't even scratch the surface of the issue, la relazione non sfiora neanche l'argomento del problema □ ( di un oggetto) to get scratched, graffiarsi; segnarsi □ ( modo prov.) You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours, una mano lava l'altra.* * *I 1. [skrætʃ]1) (wound) graffio m., graffiatura f.2) (on metal, furniture, record, glass) graffio m., riga f.to have a scratch — grattarsi, darsi una grattata
4) (sound) stridio m., (il) grattare5) colloq.6) (zero)7) sport scratch m., linea f. di partenza2.1) [ team] raccogliticcio, improvvisato; [ golfer] improvvisato; [ meal] improvvisato, fatto alla meglio2) inform. [ file] temporaneoII 1. [skrætʃ]5) (react to itch) grattare [ spot]to scratch one's head — grattarsi la testa; fig. essere perplesso, mostrare perplessità
6) (damage) rigare, graffiare [car, record]; graffiare, scalfire [ wood]; [ cat] farsi le unghie su [ furniture]7) sport ritirare da una gara [ competitor]2.1) (relieve itch) [ person] grattarsi2) (inflict injury) [person, cat] graffiare3.•• -
16 differently
adverbdifferently [to or from each other] — verschieden; (with different result, at various times) unterschiedlich
* * *dif·ferently[ˈdɪfərentli]adv verschieden, unterschiedlich* * *['dIfrəntlI]advanders (from als); (from one another) unterschiedlichI was never treated differently from the men we all react differently to stress differently priced seating areas — ich wurde nie anders als die Männer behandelt wir reagieren alle anders or unterschiedlich auf Stress unterschiedlich teure Sitzbereiche
differently priced books — Bücher mit unterschiedlichen Preisen
* * *differently abled bes US euph (körper)behindert* * *adverbanders (from, esp. Brit. to als)differently [to or from each other] — verschieden; (with different result, at various times) unterschiedlich
* * *adv.abweichend adv.anders adv.unterschiedlich adv.verschieden adv. -
17 greet
transitive verb1) begrüßen; (in passing) grüßen; (receive) empfangengreet somebody with something — jemanden mit etwas begrüßen/grüßen/empfangen
2) (meet) empfangengreet somebody's eyes/ears — sich jemandes Augen (Dat.) darbieten/an jemandes Ohr (Akk.) dringen
* * *[ɡri:t]- academic.ru/32425/greeting">greeting- greetings* * *[gri:t]vt1. (welcome)the porter always \greets me der Portier grüßt mich immerwe were \greeted by a wonderful smell of coffee ( fig) wir wurden von einem wunderbaren Kaffeeduft empfangento \greet each other [by shaking hands] sich akk [mit Handschlag] begrüßen2. (react)the unions have \greeted his decision with delight/anger die Gewerkschaften haben seine Entscheidung sehr begrüßt/mit Zorn aufgenommenhis speech was \greeted with applause by the audience er erntete mit seiner Rede einen Applaus vom Publikuma scene of chaos \greeted us ein chaotischer Anblick bot sich uns dar* * *[griːt]vt(= welcome) begrüßen; (= receive, meet) empfangen; (= say hallo to) grüßen; news, decision aufnehmena terrible sight greeted him — ihm bot sich ein fürchterlicher Anblick
* * *greet1 [ɡriːt] v/t1. grüßen:he never greets you er grüßt nie2. begrüßen, empfangen4. eine Nachricht etc aufnehmen:be greeted by silence schweigend aufgenommen werdengreet2 [ɡriːt] v/i schott weinen, klagen* * *transitive verb1) begrüßen; (in passing) grüßen; (receive) empfangengreet somebody with something — jemanden mit etwas begrüßen/grüßen/empfangen
2) (meet) empfangengreet somebody's eyes/ears — sich jemandes Augen (Dat.) darbieten/an jemandes Ohr (Akk.) dringen
* * *v.begrüßen v.grüßen v. -
18 greet
[gri:t] vt1) ( welcome)to \greet sb jdn [be]grüßen;( receive) jdn empfangen;the porter always \greets me der Portier grüßt mich immer;we were \greeted by a wonderful smell of coffee ( fig) wir wurden von einem wunderbaren Kaffeeduft empfangen;to \greet each other [by shaking hands] sich akk [mit Handschlag] begrüßen2) ( react)the unions have \greeted his decision with delight/ anger die Gewerkschaften haben seine Entscheidung sehr begrüßt/mit Zorn aufgenommen;his speech was \greeted with applause by the audience er erntete mit seiner Rede einen Applaus vom Publikum;a scene of chaos \greeted us ein chaotischer Anblick bot sich uns dar -
19 know
know [nəʊ]connaître ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (g) savoir ⇒ 1 (c), 2 reconnaître ⇒ 1 (e) distinguer ⇒ 1 (f) discerner ⇒ 1 (f) considérer ⇒ 1 (i)∎ to know sb by sight/by reputation connaître qn de vue/de réputation;∎ we've known each other for years ça fait des années que nous nous connaissons;∎ I don't know him to speak to je ne le connais pas assez pour lui parler;∎ I know him to say hello to nous nous saluons;∎ when I first knew her quand j'ai fait sa connaissance;∎ knowing him, he'll still be in bed tel que je le connais, il sera encore au lit;∎ you'll like her once you get to know her better elle vous plaira une fois que vous la connaîtrez mieux;∎ I'd like to get to know him better j'aimerais bien le connaître mieux∎ I know Budapest well je connais bien Budapest(c) (fact, information)∎ do you know her phone number? vous connaissez son numéro de téléphone?;∎ it'll be easier once you get to know the system ce sera plus facile une fois que tu te seras familiarisé avec le système;∎ civilization as we know it la civilisation telle que nous la connaissons;∎ how was I to know she wouldn't come? comment aurais-je pu savoir ou deviner qu'elle ne viendrait pas?;∎ I know for a fact that he's lying je sais pertinemment qu'il ment;∎ she is known to be a keen photographer on sait qu'elle aime beaucoup la photographie;∎ he let it be known that he was available il a fait savoir qu'il était disponible;∎ I don't know that it's the best solution je ne suis pas certain ou sûr que ce soit la meilleure solution;∎ you don't know or you'll never know how glad I am that it's over tu ne peux pas savoir combien ou à quel point je suis content que ce soit terminé;∎ she thinks she knows all the answers elle croit tout savoir;∎ she didn't quite know what to say elle ne savait trop que dire;∎ I know what I'm talking about je sais de quoi je parle;∎ I'll let you know how it turns out je te dirai comment ça s'est passé;∎ any problems, let me know au moindre problème, n'hésitez pas;∎ do you know anything about him that could help us? est-ce que vous savez quelque chose à son sujet qui pourrait nous aider?;∎ do you know anything about physics? est-ce que tu connais quelque chose en physique?;∎ she knows a lot about politics elle s'y connaît en politique;∎ she doesn't know what fear is elle ne sait pas ce que c'est que d'avoir peur;∎ there's no knowing how he'll react on ne peut pas savoir comment il réagira;∎ familiar she knows a thing or two about business elle s'y connaît en affaires□ ;∎ she knows her own mind elle sait ce qu'elle veut;∎ familiar it's not an easy job - don't I know it! ce n'est pas un travail facile - à qui le dis-tu!;∎ familiar wouldn't you know it! comme par hasard!;∎ you know what I mean tu vois ce que je veux dire;∎ familiar he was just sort of lying there, know what I mean? il était allongé là, tu vois;∎ familiar well, what do you know! ça alors!, ça par exemple!;∎ what do YOU know? qu'est-ce que tu en sais?;∎ very familiar you know what you can do with it! tu sais où tu peux te le mettre!;∎ familiar God or Heaven knows why! Dieu sait pourquoi!(d) (language, skill)∎ he knows French il comprend le français;∎ I know a few words of Welsh je connais quelques mots de gallois;∎ she really knows her job/subject elle connaît son boulot/sujet;∎ to know how to do sth savoir faire qch;∎ does he know how to cook? sait-il cuisiner?;∎ they knew how to make cars in those days! en ce temps-là, les voitures, c'était du solide!(e) (recognize) reconnaître;∎ I knew her the moment I saw her je l'ai reconnue dès que je l'ai vue;∎ I'd know him anywhere je le reconnaîtrais n'importe où;∎ I knew her by her walk je l'ai reconnue à son allure ou à sa démarche;∎ the town centre has changed so much you wouldn't know it le centre-ville a tellement changé que vous auriez du mal à le reconnaître;∎ she knows a bargain when she sees one elle sait reconnaître une bonne affaire;∎ he wouldn't know a good novel if it hit him il est tout à fait incapable de reconnaître un bon roman(f) (distinguish) distinguer, discerner;∎ she doesn't know right from wrong elle ne sait pas discerner le bien du mal ou faire la différence entre le bien et le mal;∎ familiar he doesn't know one end of a car from another il n'y connaît absolument rien en voitures□(g) (experience) connaître;∎ I've known poverty/failure j'ai connu la pauvreté/l'échec;∎ I've never known anything like it je n'ai jamais rien vu de semblable;∎ I have never known him tell a lie à ce que je sache, il n'a jamais menti;∎ I've never known him (to) be this late je ne l'ai jamais vu être aussi en retard;∎ it has been known (to happen) c'est une chose qu'on a vue se produire, ça s'est vu;∎ such coincidences have been known de telles coïncidences se sont déjà vues(h) (nickname, call)∎ Ian White, known as "Chalky" Ian White, connu sous le nom de "Chalky";∎ they're known as June bugs in America on les appelle des "June bugs" en Amérique∎ she's known as one of our finest singers elle est considérée comme l'une de nos meilleures chanteusessavoir;∎ who knows? qui sait?;∎ familiar I wouldn't know je ne saurais dire□ ;∎ I don't want to know je ne veux pas le savoir;∎ when I mentioned that he just didn't want to know quand j'ai mentionné ça, il n'a rien voulu savoir;∎ you never know on ne sait jamais;∎ he might or should have known better ce n'était pas très sage de sa part;∎ he's old enough to know better à son âge, il devrait être plus raisonnable;∎ you can't blame him, he doesn't know any better on ne peut pas lui en vouloir, il ne se rend pas compte;∎ he always thinks he knows best il croit toujours avoir raison;∎ Mother knows best maman sait de quoi elle parle;∎ to know about sth être au courant de qch;∎ I've known about it for a week je le sais ou je suis au courant depuis une semaine;∎ do you know about the new arrangements? est-ce que vous êtes au courant ou avez-vous entendu parler des nouvelles dispositions?;∎ he knows about cars il s'y connaît en voitures;∎ I don't know about that (I'm not certain) je n'en suis pas sûr;∎ I don't know about you, but I'm exhausted toi, je ne sais pas, mais moi, je suis épuisé;∎ to know of sb/sth avoir entendu parler de qn/qch;∎ do you know her? - well, I know of her est-ce que tu la connais? - non, mais j'ai entendu parler d'elle;∎ do you know of a good bookshop? vous connaissez une bonne librairie?;∎ not that I know (of) pas que je sache;∎ have they got much money? - not that I know of ont-ils beaucoup d'argent? - pas que je sache;∎ it's just so difficult - oh, I know c'est tellement difficile - oh, je sais;∎ it's difficult, I know, but not impossible c'est difficile, je sais, mais pas impossible;∎ what's his name? - I don't know comment s'appelle-t-il? - je ne sais pas;∎ are you going to accept? - I don't know tu vas accepter? - je ne sais pas3 noun∎ to be in the know être au courant□(pour) autant que je sache;∎ not as far as I know pas que je sache;∎ as far as I know, he lives in London autant que je sache, il vit à Londres∎ I was right, you know j'avais raison, tu sais∎ he was just, you know, a bit boring il était juste un peu ennuyeux, si tu vois ce que je veux dire∎ it was that blonde woman, you know, the one with the dog c'était la femme blonde, tu sais, celle avec le chien∎ you know, sometimes I wonder why I do this tu sais, parfois je me demande pourquoi je fais ça -
20 Cross, Charles Frederick
[br]b. 11 December 1855 Brentwood, Middlesex, Englandd. 15 April 1935 Hove, England[br]English chemist who contributed to the development of viscose rayon from cellulose.[br]Cross was educated at the universities of London, Zurich and Manchester. It was at Owens College, Manchester, that Cross first met E.J. Bevan and where these two first worked together on the nature of cellulose. After gaining some industrial experience, Cross joined Bevan to set up a partnership in London as analytical and consulting chemists, specializing in the chemistry and technology of cellulose and lignin. They were at the Jodrell laboratory, Kew Gardens, for a time and then set up their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens. In 1888, the first edition of their joint publication A Textbook of Paper-making, appeared. It went into several editions and became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The long introductory chapter is a discourse on cellulose.In 1892, Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle took out their historic patent on the solution and regeneration of cellulose. The modern artificial-fibre industry stems from this patent. They made their discovery at New Court, Carey Street, London: wood-pulp (or another cheap form of cellulose) was dissolved in a mixture of carbon disulphide and aqueous alkali to produce sodium xanthate. After maturing, it was squirted through fine holes into dilute acid, which set the liquid to give spinnable fibres of "viscose". However, it was many years before the process became a commercial operation, partly because the use of a natural raw material such as wood involved variations in chemical content and each batch might react differently. At first it was thought that viscose might be suitable for incandescent lamp filaments, and C.H.Stearn, a collaborator with Cross, continued to investigate this possibility, but the sheen on the fibres suggested that viscose might be made into artificial silk. The original Viscose Spinning Syndicate was formed in 1894 and a place was rented at Erith in Kent. However, it was not until some skeins of artificial silk (a term to which Cross himself objected) were displayed in Paris that textile manufacturers began to take an interest in it. It was then that Courtaulds decided to investigate this new fibre, although it was not until 1904 that they bought the English patents and developed the first artificial silk that was later called "rayon". Cross was also concerned with the development of viscose films and of cellulose acetate, which became a rival to rayon in the form of "Celanese". He retained his interest in the paper industry and in publishing, in 1895 again collaborating with Bevan and publishing a book on Cellulose and other technical articles. He was a cultured man and a good musician. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1917.Bibliography1888, with E.J.Bevan, A Text-book of Papermaking. 1892, British patent no. 8,700 (cellulose).Further ReadingObituary Notices of the Royal Society, 1935, London. Obituary, 1935, Journal of the Chemical Society 1,337. Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).C.Singer (ed.), 1978, A History of Technology, Vol. VI, Oxford: Clarendon Press.RLHBiographical history of technology > Cross, Charles Frederick
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